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February 17, 1988 Richard Feynman Dead at 69; Leading Theoretical Physicist By JAMES GLEICK Richard P. Feynman, the most brilliant arguably, important and iconoclastic of the postwar era of theoretical physicists, monday night time inside Los Angeles of stomach malignancy died. ''He was the most original mind of his generation,'' said Freeman Dyson of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. But he held a separate news conference to deliver a harsh and independent verdict: that NASA had ''exaggerated the reliability of the space shuttle to the point of fantasy.'' then Even, Dr. Feynman possessed began a have difficulties with the cancers that harmed him Tuesday. ''He tried to rediscover the whole of physics by himself,'' said Dr. Dyson, who knew Dr. Feynman well at Cornell. A Key Role At Los Alamos Richard Phillips Feynman seemed to be born on May 11, 1918, in Far Rockaway, Queens. One sequence of lectures seemed to be accumulated and posted in a established that continues to be an indispensible physics wording, ''The Feynman Lectures on Physics''; another series became an eloquent book, ''The Character of Physical Law,'' and yet another started to be ''QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.'' His 1985 memoirs, ''Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman,'' became a surprising best-seller. Dr. Feynman also took charge of the project's primitive computing effort, using rows of new machines to try to manage the vast amount of numerical calculating required. He had been never ever content material with what he recognized or what different men and women realized. But the technique shocked some physicists trained in the old ways. And more than a decade later, he set frontward an just as casting light on explanation for the spreading of electrons at excessive vitality. ''They follow all the apparent precepts and forms of scientific investigation, but they're missing something essential because the planes don't land.'' For Dr. Feynman, the planes almost landed always. Dr. Feynman gave up the fight happily. At the subatomic level, though, where they govern the connections of priced contaminants electrically, the theory had run into trouble. At Cornell University in the 1940's and then in a long career at the California Institute of Technology, Dr. Feynman developed a lecture style that kept him at the center of attention, the impossible combination of theoretical circus and physicist barker, all real body system action and sensible results. His co-commissioners quickly seen that it acquired been tough to continue record of him. A Fruitful Collaboration Dr. Feynman liked to speak of ''the laws,'' meaning the laws of nature, in a specifically nice and clean and time-honored feeling. It turned out to utilize generally, but when they first prepared it for presentation they had a problem: the concept ran counter to specific experimental evidence. It stays the same dimension. He and the physicists of his technology produced peace of mind with a approach of explaining aspect that just described how, not why. The two men devised a formula for predicting the energy yield of a nuclear weapon - a formula that remains classified, Dr. Bethe said. He decided that the only harm could come from ultraviolet rays and that the window glass would screen those. A crucial part of this framework was quantum electrodynamics, a modernization of the classical understanding of electromagnetic radiation - radiation like light and radio waves - formulated in the 19th century. But if I explain to him Murray will be carrying out physics, then simply Cock gets nervous and wants to arrive above right away. '' they noticed latest laws and regulations Collectively. In the final end, Dr. Feynman said he was possibly the only man confident enough or reckless enough to watch the initial atomic bomb test with the naked eye, protected only by a truck windshield. In the 1960's he agreed to serve briefly on the California State Curriculum Commission and evaluate high school science textbooks, a memorable experience for the commission, since he discovered the training books ''bad regularly,'' ''false'' and ''useless.'' And when the area taxi Challenger exploded immediately after it possessed been released on January. 28, 1986, Dr. Feynman joined the Presidential commission investigating the disaster. ''I don't feel frightened by not necessarily knowing things, by being lost in a mysterious universe without any purpose, which is the way it is, hence way mainly because I can say to,'' he added. To those qualities, he contributed as much as anyone of his time. Quite often a Feynman diagram would generate a final result that ran counter to all instinct -for illustration, a positron operating backwards in moment. ''I can live with doubt and uncertainty,'' he said once. Tit rubbery O ring provided the critical seal in the rocket booster, and was designed to block the escape of hot gas from the joint connecting the individual rocket segments. Feynman diagrams use lines to represent the past histories of particles and nodes to represent their interactions. Phe ordinary kind doat thes great things but lets other scientists feel that they could carry out the same if only they worked hard enough. Physicists like Einstein had to struggle to reconcile their ordinary intuitions with the evidence of their equations. An architect of quantum theories, a brash young group leader on the atomic bomb project and the inventor of the indispensible ''Feynman diagrams'' of particle behavior, he took half-made conceptions of matter and energy in the 1940's and shaped them into tools that ordinary physicists could understand and calculate with. When the responsible officers turned their backs he would unlock the steel doors and leave notes with messages like, ''I borrowed document No. LA4312 - Feynman the safecracker.'' Primitive Computer Effort But Dr. Feynman's real role was deeper than he liked to suggest in his anecdotes for public consumption. Please let me know; drop me email. ''She offers her information only in one form; we are not so unhumble as to need that she change before any attention is paid by us.'' In the 1950's he used a mathematical approach to make a theory for liquid helium, which at very low temperatures becomes superfluid, behaving as if no viscosity was had by it at all. When the commission finished its work, Mr. Rogers was able to prevail upon Dr barely. Feynman not to dissent from the report. ''If the only laws that you find are those which you have just completed observing, in that case you can in no way create any predictions,'' he mentioned. It was a turning point in the investigation - a simple experiment, getting 50 percent a day and no cash, that perfectly demonstrated both the vulnerability of the seal and the absolute confidence of the experimenter. If you loved this write-up and you would like to obtain more details regarding sexy curvy brunette nudes kindly see our web-site. Now physicists were applying them to a new framework within which to study the properties of fundamental particles and the relationship between gravity, electromagnetism and the potent aids that combine the atom. Dr. Feynman's years with the Manhattan Project brought the brazen young scientist into close contact with the world's greacheck physicists and mathematicians. Physicists struggled for more than a 10 ages to discover revisions that would make the theory work. Found in other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there is no resilience in thwill be particular material when it is at a temperature of 32 degrees.'' Dr. Feynman and some others concluded that if the space agency had conducted the same experiment and acted on the results, the dwill beaster could have been avoided. ''It doesn't frighten me.'' Copyright 1997 The New York Times Company (applied without permission, but with respect) Have you found errors nontrivial or marginal, factual, illogical and analytical, arithmetical, temporal, or typographical even? Einstein's theory of relativity had transformed scientists' understanding of space and time, and quantum basic principle got transformed their understanding of the behavior of matter and energy in the guises of particles or waves. Later it would turn out that he acquired been conducting a private investigation, prowling around Cape Canaveral, Fla., questioning engineers and looking at the rocket boosters in storage. Stories from the right time, including Dr. Feynman's own, give the impression that he spent most of his time thinking up ways to infuriate the military censors and security officers. ''I think it's much more interesting to reside not necessarily being aware of than to have answers which might be wrong. ''Of course, this means that science is uncertain - the moment that you produce a proposition about a region of experience that you possess not directly seen, you must be uncertain then,'' he continued. But Dr. Feynman had been no mystic, and he despised all kinds of fake learning, pseudo-science particularly. ''But we always must make statements about the regions that we have certainly not found, or the whole business is no use.'' In 1950 Dr. Feynman moved to the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and he expended the slumber of hwill be lifestyle there. Dr. Feynman also devoted himself to cracking the combination safes that had long been installed to protect the bomb secrets - the plutonium production schedules, the construction dimensions, the neutron radiation data, ''the whole schmeer,'' just as he or she after written. Its ability to perform when cold was coming under sharp scrutiny. Within four years he had completed the ongoing work for which he won the Nobel Prize, in quantum electrodynamics, or QED. Together, these revolutions had made the atomic bomb possible. He pursued knowledge without prejudice, studying the tracking capability of ants in his bathtub and understanding enough biology to study the mutation of bacteriophages. ''If I say he's in the garden Dick is happy for the rest of the day. Mathematics seemed to be nature's own language, he felt. But Dr. Feynman rebuilt quantum electrodynamics from the ground up. The other kind performs magic. These were his four superbest scientific achievements, but he furthermore left a deep mark on modern physics as an educator and an author. Kitchen counter to the Information The issue got presented go up to theoretical dilemma. Dr. Bethe, the leader of the theoretical division, recognized him as the most ingenious member of his team. Its predictions failed to match experiments, and as physicists tried to make calculations more the discrepancies grew without limit accurately. As Dr. Feynman expected, when he cooled the rubbery material and squeezed it with a clamp, it failed to springtime into shape back. He taught himself how to fix radios, pick locks, draw nudes, speak Portuguese, play the bongos and decipher Mayan hieroglyphics. ''He has touched with his unique creativity just about every field of physics.'' Hans Bethe of Cornell University, paraphrasing the mathematician Mark Kac, said there were two kinds of geniuses. ''Somewhat to his disappointment, what he discovered was in agreement with what other people had done. It is the same, he mentioned, with cargo cult scientists. In a real way, Dr. Feynman has long been given birth to as well overdue to discover the huge mysteries. But he had to do it his own way, and what came out of it all was a new way of looking at things which has been enormously fruitful.'' A Shocking Technique Dr. Feynman's approach, in universal use by physicists now, allowed calculation in areas that had been regarded as esoteric impossibly. And you stop thinking, you know; you just avoid.'' New Approach To Physics When World War II ended he was invited by Dr. Bethe to teach at Cornell, and Dr. Feynman accepted. She and their two children, Michelle and Carl, and his sister, Joan Feynman, survive him. Dr. Feynman's approach gave physicists a way of consistently understanding a whole range of properties of liquid helium. The Challenger Investigation With rare exceptions, Dr. Feynman avoided the usual kinds of committees that prominent researchers serve on. Mr. Rogers saw what was coming, and a few minutes later, at the lunch break, he turned to the astronaut Neil Armstrong and said, ''Feynman is becoming a real pain.'' Material Found Vulnerable After the break, Dr. Feynman brought the crowded hearing room to dead silence by addressing Lawrence B. Mulloy, the former chief of the solid rocket booster program: ''I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when some pressure is put by you on it for a while and then undo it, it doesn't stretch back. Much of what he accomplished he would admit to not understanding. Then, on Feb. 11, as a piece of O ring material was being passed from commissioner to commissioner, he enquired for ice normal water privately. To physicists who knew Dr. Feynman as a colleague or as a trained teacher, neither his faith in nature's simplicity nor his impatience with mediocrity came as a surprise. He framed the events of physics in terms of particle interactions, breaking the thought of dunes, and he created a practical way of diagraming the interactions of particles that now bears his name. ''It seemed that their work contradicted an experiment,'' Dr. Bethe said, ''but the courage was had by them to say, 'This theory is so simple, so beautiful and straightforward, it must be right.' And it turned out to turn out to be right.'' The errors were in the experiment. ''If you want to learn about nature, to appreciate nature, it is necessary to understand the language that she speaks in,'' he said. So they made runways, stationed a man with wooden bamboo and headphones for antennas, lighted some fires and waited for the planes to land. At the hearings themselves, hwill be hair often disheveled, Dr. Feynman ambushed witnesses from the Country wide Area and Aeronautics Supervision with hostile asking yourself. On Early, he stunned a Washington hearing room by calling for ice water, plunking in a piece of the critical O ring seal from the rocket booster and then pinching it with a small clamp. He invented a new way of calculating that drew skepticism at first. After graduating from Far Rockaway High School in 1935, he gone on to the Massachusetts Start of Engineering and next to Princeton College, where he received his doctorate in 1942. By then he had been recruited for the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb at Los Alamos, N.M. By the 1940's the two great revolutions of 20th-century physics had been in full swing. He could possess won it once again, many believed, for work with Murray Gell-Mann that made a idea for weak interactions, describing such phenomena as the emission of electrons from radioactive nuclei. ''I won the prize for shoving a great problem under the carpet,'' he disingenuously said, ''but in this case there was a moment when I realized how nature worked - it had elegance and beauty.'' An Educator and Author He also provided a mathematical theory that explained the strange behavior of liquid helium at temperatures a breath away from absolute zero. He began a fruitful collaboration with Caltech's other star, Murray Gell-Mann, a brilliant physicist 11 years his junior, and their collaboration looked enjoy a rivalry. He would attend meetings in Edward Teller's office, furiously changing concepts with Enrico Fermi and David von Neumann, manipulating his desk calculator at top speed while von Neumann worked the same problems in his head. The resulting predictions have been verified to astonishing precision in a wide range of experiments. A Theory Runs Into Trouble In the domain of everyday life, electromagnetic forces are familiar and well understood. In his youth he experimented for months with trying to obfunction his unraveling stream of consciousness at the point of falling asleep; in his middle age he experimented with inducing out-of-body hallucinations in a sensory-deprivation tank. His meditative approach to radio repair, a hobby he took up when he has been 11 or 12 years old, offered him a neighborhood reputation as the boy who could fix radios by thinking. Dr. Feynman himself is said to possess liked the do the job better later. Another central notion was equally hard to swallow: that a physicist should make calculations not by solving some overall equation, but rather by taking all the possible histories of a particle interaction and adding them together, making a sum of probabilities. And later, exploring the behavior of electrons in high-energy collisions at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, he provided an explanation that proved to be the most illuminating and, characteristically, the simplest. Dr. Feynman conceptualized issues in a statistical approach specifically, generally striving to cull the importance, the statutory laws, from the physical details. Dr. Dr and Tomonaga. Schwinger connected their work to the old theory in ways that other physicists could quickly understand. Dr. Feynman's first wife, whom he married in 1941, perished 5 years while he has been on Los Alamos down the road. As Dr. Feynman himself said, the theory seemed absurd. In that category he placed a good part of modern psychology, calling it ''cargo cult science.'' Certain Pacific islanders, he explained, sought the packages airplanes to continue to keep going back after Globe Fight II seemed to be above. After a second marriage concluded in divorce, he married Gweneth Howarth. ''Penis can be contacting up to look at whether Murray will be functioning often,'' Dr. Gell-Mann's wife, Margaret, said once. ''You see, what happened to me -what happened to the rest of us,'' he wrote, ''is we started for a good reason, then you're working very hard to accomplish something, and it's pleasure, it's excitement. 'I Can Live With Doubt' The physics that he leaves behind is more difficult, more abstract and more distant from the global world of everyday human experience than any science of the past. Sometimes, with the commission meeting in full session, he would be missing. Only afterward, sitting in a New York restaurant and calculating the radius of potential bomb damage in midtown Manhattan, does he eliminate the euphoric sense that went him in the ages he did the trick to build the bomb. Then, working independently, Dr. Feynman, Sin-Itero Tomonaga of Asia and Julian Schwinger of Harvard College fixed the nagging issue. A Genius and a 'Magician' ''He's the most creative theoretical physicist of his time and a true genius,'' explained Sidney D. Grell, former president of the American Physical Society. Relentless Pursuit of Knowledge Above all, in and out of science, Dr. Feynman was a curious character -his phrase, and the double meaning has been intentional. That did not sit well with the chairman, William P. Rogers, who wanted an ''orderly investigation.'' Nor does Mr. Rogers like Dr. Feynman's habit of heading for the television emergedras to share his findings. They investigated the fragile force, which plays a main role in the binding of the atomic nucleus and governs the emission of fast-moving electrons in the come to beta-decay of radioactive substances. He was 69 years old. ''A magician does things that nobody else could ever do and that findm completely unanticipated,'' Dr. Bethe said, ''and that's Feynman.'' Dr. Feynman shared the Nobel Prize for work he completed in his 20's, remaking the theory of quantum electrodynamics, which governs every physical and chemical process except those embracing radioactivity and gravitation. Applying emblems in a remarkably summary method, it turns into likely to have an understanding of confusing occasions that usually would possess obtained days to calculate. Although his handiwork permeates the foundations of modern science, millions of Americans heard his name for the first time in 1986, when he brought an inquisitive and caustic presence to the Presidential commission investigating the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger. He and his first partner exchanged letters they had cut into pieces of a jigfound puzzle. The Caltech physicists cut through the difficulties with an approach that explained weak interactions in terms of such particle properties as spin.